Sigma Percentile
JEE Main 2021 (31 Aug Shift 1)
LEVELJEE Main

Animated Solution for Mathematics - Limits, Continuity and Differentiability: The function is not differentiable at exactly:

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Visualized Solution

Analyzing the Function

  • Given:
  • Goal: Find the number of points where is not differentiable.
  • A function with absolute values often has sharp corners where the inside expression is zero.

Breaking Down the Problem

  • Let's split into two parts:
  • (The Modulus Part)
  • (The Exponential Part)
  • We will analyze the differentiability of each part separately.

The Modulus Part

  • Consider the quadratic inside the first modulus: .
  • We need to find where this expression changes sign, which happens at its roots.
  • Let's set .

Factorizing

  • Splitting the middle term: .
  • Factoring out common terms: .
  • This gives: .

Roots of

  • The roots are and .
  • At these points, the parabola crosses the x-axis.
  • When we apply the absolute value, the negative part of the parabola flips upwards.

Sharp Corners

  • The graph of has sharp corners at and .
  • At these corners, the left-hand derivative and right-hand derivative are not equal.
  • Therefore, is non-differentiable at and .

The Exponential Part

  • Now let's look at the exponent: .
  • Notice the structure: and .
  • The middle term is .

Perfect Square

  • This matches the identity .
  • So, .
  • The expression inside the modulus is a perfect square.

Removing the Modulus

  • For any real number , we know that .
  • Therefore, .
  • The absolute value sign is redundant and can be removed!

Smoothness of

  • The exponential part simplifies to .
  • This is a composition of an exponential function and a polynomial.
  • Both are everywhere differentiable, so is smooth and differentiable for all .

Product of Functions

  • Our original function is .
  • has sharp corners at and .
  • is smooth everywhere.
  • A smooth function can only fix a sharp corner if its value at that corner is exactly zero.

Checking Values at Corners

  • Let's check the value of at the critical points.
  • Since , and for any real .
  • and .
  • The smooth function does not squash the sharp corners to zero.

Final Conclusion

  • Because is non-zero at the critical points, the sharp corners remain.
  • is non-differentiable exactly at and .
  • Total number of non-differentiable points is 2.

The Sigma Insight: Differentiability of a Function

Solution Diagram

Analyzing the Setup

The function provided is . To determine its points of non-differentiability, we decompose it into two distinct components: and .
We treat as the potential source of "sharp corners" and as a smooth, continuous operator. Our objective is to identify where the product fails to be differentiable.

The Modulus and Sharp Corners

We first examine . The absolute value function creates sharp cusps at the roots of the internal quadratic expression.
Setting the quadratic to zero, we solve:
Factoring the expression, we obtain:
This yields roots at and . At these specific points, the graph of the parabola crosses the -axis, and the absolute value operation reflects the negative portion, creating sharp corners. Consequently, is non-differentiable at and .

The Exponential Trap

Next, we analyze . While the absolute value might initially suggest further non-differentiability, we observe that the internal expression is a perfect square:
Since for all real , the absolute value is redundant. We can simplify the function to:
Because is a composition of an exponential function and a polynomial, it is smooth and differentiable for all . There are no sharp corners introduced by this component.

The Synthesis

We now consider the product . A product of a non-differentiable function and a smooth function remains non-differentiable at the original points of non-differentiability, unless the smooth function vanishes at those points.
We check if can "flatten" the corners by evaluating it at the critical points:
Since is an exponential function, it is strictly positive for all real and never equals zero. Therefore, the sharp corners of are not smoothed out by .

Final Conclusion

Because the smooth component never vanishes at the critical points, the sharp corners at and persist in the final function .
The function is non-differentiable at exactly two points.

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