Sigma Percentile
JEE Main 2021 (01 Sep Shift 2)
LEVELJEE Main

Animated Solution for Mathematics - Permutations and Combinations: Let be 15 points on a circle. The number of distinct triangles formed by points such that , is :

Select Answer:

Visualized Solution

Visualizing the Points on a Circle

  • Total points on the circle .
  • Any points on a circle are non-collinear.
  • Selecting any points forms a valid triangle.

Calculating Total Possible Triangles

  • Total number of triangles = Selection of points from .
  • Formula:

Raw Setup: Total Triangles

  • Substitute and .
  • Total triangles =

Atomic Compute:

Identifying the Restricted Cases

  • We must exclude cases where .
  • Constraint: .

Case 1: When

  • If , then .
  • Possible pairs: .
  • Total cases for is .

Case 2: When

  • If , then .
  • Possible pairs: .
  • Total cases for is .

Case 3: When

  • If , then .
  • Possible pairs: .
  • Total cases for is .

Case 4: When

  • If , then .
  • Possible pair: .
  • Total cases for is .

Summing the Restricted Cases

  • Total cases where :
  • Sum = .

Final Calculation

  • Required number of triangles = Total - Restricted
  • Required number = .

The Sigma Insight: Combinations and Selection

Solution Diagram

Analyzing the Setup

Imagine you are standing before a circle, and on its circumference, fifteen distinct points are marked, labeled through . These points are the vertices of potential triangles.
In the world of geometry, any three points on a circle are inherently non-collinear. This is a beautiful, simplifying truth. It means that every single combination of three points you choose will inevitably form a triangle.
Our mission is to find how many of these triangles exist such that the sum of their indices, , is not equal to . We will employ the Complement Method to solve this.
Instead of hunting for the 'good' triangles, we will first embrace the entire universe of possibilities and then subtract the 'forbidden' ones.

The Total Universe:

To find the total number of triangles, we need to select any three points out of fifteen. This is a classic combination problem.
We use the formula:
Substituting and , we get:
Calculating this, we find . This is our total universe: possible triangles.

The Forbidden Zone:

Now, we must identify the triangles that violate our condition. We are looking for triplets such that and .
This is a partition problem. We must be systematic by fixing and finding the pairs that satisfy .
For , . Since , can be . The corresponding values are . This yields cases.
For , . Since , can be . The corresponding values are . This yields cases.
For , . Since , can be . The corresponding values are . This yields cases.
For , . Since , can only be . The corresponding value is . This yields case.
If we try , . However, since must be at least , the minimum sum would be , which is impossible. Thus, we have identified all forbidden cases.

The Final Synthesis

Summing these cases, we get . These are the twelve triangles that we must exclude.
Finally, we subtract these from our total:
The beauty of this approach lies in its structure. By breaking down the problem into the total universe and the forbidden zone, we transformed a daunting constraint into a simple, manageable task.
The total number of triangles satisfying the condition is .

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